Eats

• Willow Family (Salicaceae)
• Fungi Including Lichens (Fungi)
• Earthworms And Allies (Oligochaeta)
• Non-biting Midges (Chironomidae)
• Needle Grasses (Stipa)
• Animals (Animalia)
• Birds (Aves)
• Plants (Plantae)
• Springtails (Collembola)
• Mites And Ticks (Acari)
• Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla)
• True Bugs, Hoppers, Aphids, And Allies (Hemiptera)
• American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla)
• Beetles (Coleoptera)
• Butterflies And Moths (Lepidoptera)
• Ants, Bees, Wasps, And Sawflies (Hymenoptera)
• True Hoppers (Auchenorrhyncha)
• Millipedes (Diplopoda)
• Grasshoppers, Crickets, And Katydids (Orthoptera)
• Black Rat (Rattus rattus)
• Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia)
• Old World Pigeons (Columba)
• Four O'clocks (Mirabilis)
• Common Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris)
• Rubber Rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa)
• Tree Privet (Ligustrum lucidum)
• Common Mallow (Malva sylvestris)
• Sunflowers (Helianthus)
• Waterberries (Syzygium)
• Dune Stinkhorn (Phallus hadriani)
• (Detritus)
• (Zooplankton)
• (Asplanchna)
• (Algae)
• (Plectoptera)
• (sap and plant juices)
• (nectar and floral)
• (leaves)
• (roots)
• Caribbean White-lipped Frog (Leptodactylus albilabris)
• (sap)
• Tree-hole Coqui (Eleutherodactylus hedricki)
• Antillean Fruit-eating Bat (Brachyphylla cavernarum)
• Puerto Rican Tanager (Nesospingus speculiferus)
• (Eleutherodactylus wightmanae)
• (Isoptera)
• Puerto Rican Vireo (Vireo latimeri)
• Buffy Flower Bat (Erophylla sezekorni)
• (Phasmatidae)
• Red Fig-eating Bat (Stenoderma rufum)
• (Eleutherodactylus coqui)
• Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata)
• Banded Anole (Anolis stratulus)
• (Bufo marinus)
• (Alsophis portoricensis)
• (Euphonia musica)
• (Geotrygon montana)
• Parnell's Moustached Bat (Pteronotus parnellii)
• (Magnoliophyta)
• Western Spindalis (Spindalis zena)
• (Dendroica caerulescens)
• Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis)
• Mottled Coqui (Eleutherodactylus eneidae)
• Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus)
• Gundlach’s Anole (Anolis gundlachi)
• Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola)
• Puerto Rican Flycatcher (Myiarchus antillarum)
• (Seiurus motacilla)
• Emerald Anole (Anolis evermanni)
• (Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus)
• (Artibeus jamaicensis)
• (Dendroica angelae)
• (Dendroica discolor)
• (nectar)
• Hispaniolan Oriole (Icterus dominicensis)
• Red-legged Thrush (Turdus plumbeus)
• Pearly-eyed Thrasher (Margarops fuscatus)
• (Parula americana)
• (Anthracothorax viridis)
• Typical Emeralds (Chlorostilbon)
• (Dendroica tigrina)
• Leach's Single Leaf Bat (Monophyllus redmani)
• (live leaves)
• Ground Coqui (Eleutherodactylus richmondi)
• Cuvier's Anole (Anolis cuvieri)
• Puerto Rican Woodpecker (Melanerpes portoricensis)
• Forest Coqui (Eleutherodactylus portoricensis)
• (Loxigilla portoricensis)
• Puerto Rican Tody (Todus mexicanus)
• Black-whiskered Vireo (Vireo altiloquus)
• Fringed Sagebrush (Artemisia frigida)
• Matchweeds And Snakeweeds (Gutierrezia)
• (no name)
• Stiff Greenthread (Thelesperma filifolium)
• Oppositeleaf False Bahia (Picradeniopsis oppositifolia)
• (Atriplex canescens)
• Upright Prairie Coneflower (Ratibida columnifera)
• (Peritoma serrulata)
• Dotted Gayfeather (Liatris punctata)
• Western Tansymustard (Descurainia pinnata)

Preys on

• Non-biting Midges (Chironomidae)
• Moth Flies And Sand Flies (Psychodidae)
• Gall And Forest Midges (Cecidomyiidae)
• Shore Flies (Ephydridae)
• Flies (Diptera)
• Earthworms And Allies (Oligochaeta)
• (microbial mat)
• Lineated Margined-stingless Bee (Paratrigona lineata)
• (Aphidoidea)
• (Diapriidae)
• (Proctotrupoidea)

Pollinates

• Common Sow-thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)
• Cutleaf Coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata)
• Brambles (Rubus)
• Common Blue Wood Aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium)
• Brown-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia triloba)
• Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)
• Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)
• Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris)
• Winterberry Holly (Ilex verticillata)
• Eastern Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus)
• White Meadowsweet (Spiraea alba)
• Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata)
• Solomon's Plume (Maianthemum racemosum)
• Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata)
• Large White Trillium (Trillium grandiflorum)
• Blazingstars (Mentzelia)
• White Heath Aster (Symphyotrichum ericoides)
• Showy Goldenrod (Solidago speciosa)
• Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica)
• Serviceberries (Amelanchier)
• California Brickellbush (Brickellia californica)
• Rubber Rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa)
• Barberries (Berberis)
• Yellow Pond-lilies (Nuphar)
• Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)
• Western Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii)
• California Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum)
• White Campion (Silene latifolia)
• Wild Carrot (Daucus carota)
• Horseweed (Erigeron canadensis)
• Watercress (Nasturtium officinale)
• Hoary Alyssum (Berteroa incana)
• Spotted Joe-pye Weed (Eutrochium maculatum)
• Sweet Alyssum (Lobularia maritima)
• Bedstraws (Galium)
• Lythrums (Lythrum)
• Nightshades (Solanum)
• Dill (Anethum graveolens)
• Eastwood's Manzanita (Arctostaphylos glandulosa)
• Matrimony Vine (Lycium barbarum)
• New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae)
• Fleabanes And Horseweeds (Erigeron)
• Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)
• Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca serriola)
• Pussytoes (Antennaria)
• American Black Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis)
• Plums, Cherries, And Allies (Prunus)
• Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum)
• Common Serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea)
• Star-flowered Lily-of-the-valley (Maianthemum stellatum)
• Big Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)
• Lemonade Berry (Rhus integrifolia)
• Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• Dogwoods (Cornus)
• Hoaryleaf Ceanothus (Ceanothus crassifolius)
• Telegraphweed (Heterotheca grandiflora)
• Hairy Ceanothus (Ceanothus oliganthus)
• Milkweeds (Asclepias)
• Rosilla (Helenium puberulum)
• Western Vervain (Verbena lasiostachys)
• Slender Sunflower (Helianthus gracilentus)
• Woollypod Milkweed (Asclepias eriocarpa)
• Bluehead Gilia (Gilia capitata)
• Woods' Rose (Rosa woodsii)
• Trilliums (Trillium)
• Geraniums And Cranesbills (Geranium)
• Goldenrods (Solidago)
• Elders (Sambucus)
• Butterfly Milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa)
• Beach Morning Glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae)
• Chaparral Bush-mallow (Malacothamnus fasciculatus)
• Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum)
• Arrowheads (Sagittaria)
• Broadleaf Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)
• Tickseed (Coreopsis)
• Wattles (Acacia)
• Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
• Woodsorrels (Oxalis)
• Eryngos (Eryngium)
• (Baccharis)
• Eastern Leatherwood (Dirca palustris)
• Balsam Family (Balsaminaceae)
• Red Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis)
• Common Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
• Creeping Woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata)
• Spotted St. John's Wort (Hypericum punctatum)
• Virginia Strawberry (Fragaria virginiana)
• Corn Speedwell (Veronica arvensis)
• Closed Bottle Gentian (Gentiana andrewsii)
• Round-headed Bush Clover (Lespedeza capitata)
• Northern Blue Flag (Iris versicolor)
• Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)
• Showy Tick-trefoil (Desmodium canadense)
• Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)
• Spreading Dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium)
• Hoary Puccoon (Lithospermum canescens)
• Virginia Spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana)
• Wild Cucumber (Echinocystis lobata)
• White Sweetclover (Melilotus albus)
• Milkweeds (Asclepiadoideae)

Eaten by

• Spiders (Araneae)
• Sandpipers And Allies (Scolopacidae)
• Ray-finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)
• Pyramid Ants (Dorymyrmex)
• Scorpions (Scorpiones)
• Tyrant Flycatchers (Tyrannidae)
• Swifts (Apodidae)
• Birds (Aves)
• Herons, Egrets, And Bitterns (Ardeidae)
• Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea)
• Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus)
• Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas)
• Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus)
• Arachnids (Arachnida)
• Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina)
• Myiarchus Flycatchers (Myiarchus)
• Shorebirds And Allies (Charadriiformes)
• Ghost Crabs (Ocypode)
• Beetles (Coleoptera)
• True Bugs, Hoppers, Aphids, And Allies (Hemiptera)
• Grasshoppers, Crickets, And Katydids (Orthoptera)
• Centipedes (Chilopoda)
• Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
• Harvestmen (Opiliones)
• Ants, Bees, Wasps, And Sawflies (Hymenoptera)
• Dragonflies And Damselflies (Odonata)
• American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla)
• Robber Flies (Asilidae)
• Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)
• Green Lynx Spider (Peucetia viridans)
• Dimorphic Jumping Spider (Maevia inclemens)
• Goldenrod Crab Spider (Misumena vatia)
• (Tetragnatha)
• Zebra Jumping Spider (Salticus scenicus)
• (Dictyna)
• Gray Wall Jumping Spider (Menemerus bivittatus)
• Long-bodied Cellar Spider (Pholcus phalangioides)
• Silver Garden Orbweaver (Argiope argentata)
• Cat-faced Orbweaver (Araneus gemmoides)
• Brown Widow (Latrodectus geometricus)
• Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica)
• Yellow-rumped Warbler (Setophaga coronata)
• Bewick's Wren (Thryomanes bewickii)
• Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea)
• Blue Dasher (Pachydiplax longipennis)
• Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)
• Banded Garden Spider (Argiope trifasciata)
• Orange-crowned Warbler (Leiothlypis celata)
• Marbled Cellar Spider (Holocnemus pluchei)
• Buttonhook Leaf-beetle Jumping Spider (Sassacus vitis)
• (Colonus hesperus)
• (Efferia albibarbis)
• Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus)
• Caddisflies (Trichoptera)
• Decapods (Decapoda)
• North American Deer Mice (Peromyscus)
• European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)
• Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)
• Assassin Bugs (Reduviidae)
• Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides)
• Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
• Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus)
• Veery (Catharus fuscescens)
• Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis)
• Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla)
• Snowy Egret (Egretta thula)
• Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis)
• Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum)
• Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)
• Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis)
• (Xanthocephalus)
• Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor)
• Purple Martin (Progne subis)
• Northern Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis)
• Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris)
• Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia)
• Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)
• Least Sandpiper (Calidris minutilla)
• Green Heron (Butorides virescens)
• Cinnamon Teal (Spatula cyanoptera)
• American Coot (Fulica americana)
• Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia)
• Chestnut-sided Warbler (Setophaga pensylvanica)
• Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa)
• Blue-winged Teal (Spatula discors)
• Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)
• Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)
• Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus)
• Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus)
• Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra)
• Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus)
• Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris)
• Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)
• Gadwall (Mareca strepera)
• Scaups, Pochards, And Allies (Aythya)
• Mallards, Pintails, And Allies (Anas)
• Wood Duck (Aix sponsa)
• Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)
• Hutton's Vireo (Vireo huttoni)
• Vireos (Vireo)
• Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula)
• Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata)
• Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna)
• Long-billed Dowitcher (Limnodromus scolopaceus)
• American Woodcock (Scolopax minor)
• Western Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis)
• Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus)
• Western Wood-pewee (Contopus sordidulus)
• Cassin's Kingbird (Tyrannus vociferans)
• Say's Phoebe (Sayornis saya)
• Black Phoebe (Sayornis nigricans)
• Kingbirds (Tyrannus)
• Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe)
• Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens)
• Winter Wren (Troglodytes hiemalis)
• California Gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica)
• Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius)
• House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
• Palm Warbler (Setophaga palmarum)
• Oak Titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus)
• Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum)
• Great-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus)
• European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
• Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)
• Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater)
• Brewer's Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus)
• Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)
• Violet-green Swallow (Tachycineta thalassina)
• Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota)
• Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina)
• Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla)
• American Tree Sparrow (Spizelloides arborea)
• California Scrub-jay (Aphelocoma californica)
• Common Raven (Corvus corax)
• Mountain Bluebird (Sialia currucoides)
• American Robin (Turdus migratorius)
• Western Bluebird (Sialia mexicana)
• Acorn Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus)
• Brown Creeper (Certhia americana)
• Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus)
• Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)
• Nashville Warbler (Leiothlypis ruficapilla)
• Black-headed Grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus)
• Kinglets (Regulus)
• Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana)
• Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis)
• Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum)
• Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna)
• American Goldfinch (Spinus tristis)
• Pacific-slope Flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis)
• Lesser Goldfinch (Spinus psaltria)
• California Quail (Callipepla californica)
• American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)
• Arthropods (Arthropoda)
• Western Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis)
• European Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Preyed upon by

• Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas)
• Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea)
• Arachnids (Arachnida)
• Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina)
• Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus)
• Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus)
• Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus)
• European Paper Wasp (Polistes dominula)
• Green Lynx Spider (Peucetia viridans)
• Gray Wall Jumping Spider (Menemerus bivittatus)
• Tan Jumping Spider (Platycryptus undatus)
• Goldenrod Crab Spider (Misumena vatia)
• Zebra Jumping Spider (Salticus scenicus)
• (Efferia albibarbis)
• Pale Green Assassin Bug (Zelus luridus)
• Grayish Jumping Spider (Phidippus princeps)
• Dimorphic Jumping Spider (Maevia inclemens)
• Buttonhook Leaf-beetle Jumping Spider (Sassacus vitis)
• Bold Jumping Spider (Phidippus audax)
• Leafhopper Assassin Bug (Zelus renardii)
• (Efferia)
• Asiatic Wall Jumping Spider (Attulus fasciger)
• Wall Jumping Spiders (Menemerus)
• Brilliant Jumping Spider (Phidippus clarus)
• Flea Jumping Spider (Naphrys pulex)
• (Colonus hesperus)
• Spotted Orbweaver (Neoscona crucifera)
• Triangulate Combfoot (Steatoda triangulosa)
• Striped Shore Crab (Pachygrapsus crassipes)
• Thin-legged Wolf Spiders (Pardosa)
• Least Sandpiper (Calidris minutilla)
• American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana)
• Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca)
• Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)
• Western Sandpiper (Calidris mauri)
• Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis)
• Snowy Egret (Egretta thula)
• Flies (Diptera)
• Running Crab Spiders (Philodromidae)
• (Tetragnatha)
• Crab Spiders (Thomisidae)
• Tangleweb Spiders (Theridion)
• Orbweavers (Araneidae)
• Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)
• Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularius)
• Beetles (Coleoptera)
• Harvestmen (Opiliones)
• Ants, Bees, Wasps, And Sawflies (Hymenoptera)
• Pyramid Ants (Dorymyrmex)
• Horned Larks (Eremophila)
• Garter Snakes (Thamnophis)
• Spiders (Araneae)
• Mouse-eared Bats (Myotis)
• Pallas's Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga soricina)
• House Bats (Eptesicus)
• Mexican Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis)
• Round-leaved Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia)
• Rough Greensnake (Opheodrys aestivus)
• Two-lined Mexican Earth Snake (Conopsis biserialis)
• Southwestern Blind Snake (Rena humilis humilis)
• Texas Blind Snake (Rena dulcis)
• Northern Black Racer (Coluber constrictor constrictor)
• (Agabus)
• Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor)
• (Picoides pubescens)
• Snakehead Gudgeon (Giuris margaritacea)
• Pacific Blue Eye (Pseudomugil signifer)
• Roman-nose Goby (Awaous acritosus)
• (Neosiluris ater)
• Lami Beach Northern Jumping Spider (Cosmophasis lami)
• Eastern Forktail (Ischnura verticalis)
• (Hybos)
• (Marma nigritarsis)
• Spectacular Crab Spider (Thomisus spectabilis)
• Lobed Argiope (Argiope lobata)
• (Camponotus piceus)
• (Phymata fortificata)
• (Phymata chilensis)
• Jagged Ambush Bug (Phymata americana)
• Heavy-bodied Jumper (Hyllus semicupreus)
• (Frigga pratensis)
• Cross Orbweaver (Araneus diadematus)
• Pennsylvania Ambush Bug (Phymata pennsylvanica)
• Orchard Orbweaver (Leucauge venusta)
• European Hornet (Vespa crabro)
• (Bembix oculata)
• Variable Tenthredo (Tenthredo livida)
• (Molinaranea magellanica)
• Hawaiian Happyface Spider (Theridion grallator)
• (Nigma puella)
• (Hakka himeshimensis)
• Magnolia Green Jumping Spider (Lyssomanes viridis)
• Putnam's Jumping Spider (Phidippus putnami)
• Silky Field Ant (Formica subsericea)
• (Coenosia tigrina)
• (Efferia tagax)
• German Yellowjacket (Vespula germanica)
• Spinybacked Orbweaver (Gasteracantha cancriformis)
• Shaded Orbweaver (Metellina merianae)
• Common European Yellowjacket (Vespula vulgaris)