Eats

• (Paracentrotus)
• Green Crabs (Carcinus)
• (Cancer)
• Crustaceans (Crustacea)
• Ray-finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)
• Cephalopods (Cephalopoda)
• Insects (Insecta)
• Plants (Plantae)
• Fungi Including Lichens (Fungi)
• Arthropods (Arthropoda)
• Birds (Aves)
• Nephthys's Sand-worms (Nephtys)
• Pacific Sand Crab (Emerita analoga)
• Amphipods (Amphipoda)
• Spiders (Araneae)
• Butterflies And Moths (Lepidoptera)
• Bivalves (Bivalvia)
• Flies (Diptera)
• Scarabs (Scarabaeidae)
• Grasshoppers, Crickets, And Katydids (Orthoptera)
• Snakes (Serpentes)
• Large Crane Flies (Tipulidae)
• Non-biting Midges (Chironomidae)
• Jacks (Carangidae)
• Halfbeaks (Hemiramphidae)
• Anchovies (Engraulidae)
• Protozoans (Protozoa)
• Five-bearded Rockling (Ciliata mustela)
• Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui)
• Goldenrod Crab Spider (Misumena vatia)
• Mackerels, Tunas, And Bonitos (Scombridae)
• Animals (Animalia)
• Earless Seals (Phocidae)
• Carnivorans (Carnivora)
• Jack Mackerels (Trachurus)
• Darkling Beetles (Tenebrionidae)
• Snakes And Lizards (Squamata)
• Silverfishes (Zygentoma)
• Moles And Desmans (Talpidae)
• (Pagurus)
• Decapods (Decapoda)
• Shore Crabs (Grapsidae)
• Black Mussels (Mytilus)
• Common Raven (Corvus corax)
• Ghost Crabs (Ocypode)
• (predatory invertebrates)
• (defoliating invertebrates)
• Long-armed Starfishes (Marthasterias)
• Velvet Swimming Crab (Necora puber)
• Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba)
• (plankton)
• (canopy--leaves)
• (leaves and trunks)
• (Detritus)
• (Paracoenia turbida)
• (herbivores)
• (Magnoliophyta)
• (Lumbrinereis)
• (filter feeders)
• (meibenthos)
• (deposit feeders)
• Blue-spotted Tilapia (Oreochromis leucostictus)
• Typical Gerbils (Gerbillus)
• (Ctenarytaina thysanura)
• Old World Moles And Desmans (Talpinae)
• (Typhlosaurus)
• (Aporosaura)
• (Microcoelepis)
• (Lamproscatella dichaeta)
• Parrotfishes (Scaridae)
• (Phytoplankton)
• (Chondrichthyes)
• European Sardine (Sardina pilchardus)
• Shads, Sardines, And Menhadens (Clupeidae)
• European Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus)
• (Solea vulgaris)
• (Trigla lucerna)
• (Cerastoderma)
• Sand Goby (Pomatoschistus minutus)
• European Conger (Conger conger)
• Large Stonefly (Perla bipunctata)
• (Stenophylax)
• (Crunoecia irrorata)
• Blue-winged Olive (Serratella ignita)
• (Caenis rivulorum)
• Yellow Sally Stonefly (Isoperla grammatica)
• Small Red Sedge (Tinodes waeneri)
• Large Stonefly (Dinocras cephalotes)
• (Agapetus fuscipes)
• (Simulium reptans)
• (Hydropsyche instabilis)
• (Polycentropus flavomaculatus)
• (Limnophilus)
• Sandfly Caddisfly (Rhyacophila dorsalis)
• (Hydroptila)
• (Plectrocnemia conspersa)
• Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus)
• White Hake (Urophycis tenuis)
• (Scomber)
• Raitt's Sand Lance (Ammodytes marinus)

Preys on

• Blue Jack Mackerel (Trachurus picturatus)
• Animals (Animalia)
• Ray-finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)
• Cephalopods (Cephalopoda)
• Carnivorans (Carnivora)
• Black Mussels (Mytilus)
• Green Crabs (Carcinus)
• Five-bearded Rockling (Ciliata mustela)
• Non-biting Midges (Chironomidae)
• Amphipods (Amphipoda)
• Large Crane Flies (Tipulidae)
• Plovers And Lapwings (Charadriidae)
• Decapods (Decapoda)
• (Pagurus)
• Birds (Aves)
• Earless Seals (Phocidae)
• Bivalves (Bivalvia)
• Copepods (Copepoda)
• Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
• Monarch (Danaus plexippus)
• Common Green Darner (Anax junius)
• Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus)
• Blue-eyed Darner (Rhionaeschna multicolor)
• Aphids (Aphididae)
• (Hygophum benoiti)
• European Sardine (Sardina pilchardus)
• Merlucciid Hakes (Merlucciidae)
• (Amoya moloanus)
• Peruvian Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens)
• Slender Lightfish (Vinciguerria attenuata)
• (Etrumeus teres)
• (other pelagics)
• (chub mackerel)
• (Tautogolabrus)
• (deposit feeders)
• (filter feeders)
• (Pisces)
• (Solea vulgaris)
• Sand Goby (Pomatoschistus minutus)
• European Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus)
• Peppery Furrow Shell (Scrobicularia plana)
• (Cerastoderma)
• Shads, Sardines, And Menhadens (Clupeidae)
• European Conger (Conger conger)
• (Trigla lucerna)
• (carnivorous plankton)
• (other herbivorous plankton)
• Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba)
• Dusky Salamanders (Desmognathus)
• Müller's Platanna (Xenopus muelleri)
• Eastern Spadefoot (Scaphiopus holbrookii)
• Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
• (P. turbida pupae)
• (Microcoelepis sp.)
• (Lamproscatella dichaeta)
• (P. turbida larvae)
• Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)
• Slender Gazelles (Gazella)
• (Triportheus)
• (Roeboides)
• (G. balzanii)
• (Moenkhausia)
• (Astyanax)
• (Diplodon)
• (Kincaidi)
• (Atlantic silverside and bay anchovies)
• (Blue crabs)
• (Omnivorous crabs)
• (Sheepshead minnow)
• Sea Catfishes (Ariidae)
• (Small Zoo)
• Sardinellas (Sardinella)
• (Large Zoo)
• (Small pelagics)
• (Miscelaneous)
• (Zooplankton)
• (Chub mackerel)
• (Other pelagics)
• Northern Pike (Esox lucius)
• (Lumbrinereis)
• (Notomastus)
• (juvenile of high carnivores)
• (blue crabs)
• (Pipturus argenteus)
• Eastern Pondhawk (Erythemis simplicicollis)
• Roseate Skimmer (Orthemis ferruginea)
• Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus)
• Prince Baskettail (Epitheca princeps)
• Blue-tailed Damselfly (Ischnura elegans)
• Eastern Amberwing (Perithemis tenera)

Pollinates

• Pokers (Kniphofia)
• Wattles (Acacia)
• Coral Trees (Erythrina)
• Lion's Mane Jellies (Cyanea)
• Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis)
• Cigar Plants (Cuphea)
• (Dracaena konaensis)
• (Limonium gerberi)
• Wiliwili (Erythrina sandwicensis)
• Riverhemps (Sesbania)
• 'ie'ie (Freycinetia arborea)
• Kaua'i White Hibiscus (Hibiscus waimeae)
• 'ohi'a Lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha)
• Cosmosflower Beggarticks (Bidens cosmoides)
• Hibiscuses (Hibiscus)
• Hiddenpetal Indian Mallow (Abutilon eremitopetalum)
• Mountain Sandalwood (Santalum freycinetianum)
• Mauna Loa Clermontia (Clermontia montis-loa)
• Kauai Delissea (Delissea rhytidosperma)
• (Claoxylon)
• Māmane (Sophora chrysophylla)
• Ko'oloa 'ula (Abutilon menziesii)
• ‘ōhā Kēpau (Clermontia hawaiiensis)
• Red Rosemallow (Hibiscus kokio)
• Clay's Hibiscus (Hibiscus clayi)
• White Rosemallow (Hibiscus arnottianus)
• ʻōlapa (Cheirodendron trigynum)
• Loulu Palms (Pritchardia)
• 'ōhā Wai (Clermontia)
• Ni'ihau Lobelia (Lobelia niihauensis)

Eaten by

• White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus)
• Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)
• Northern Harrier (Circus hudsonius)
• Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
• Merlin (Falco columbarius)
• Barn Owl (Tyto alba)
• Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus)
• Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
• Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)
• Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
• Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus)
• Barred Owl (Strix varia)
• American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)
• Western Screech-owl (Megascops kennicottii)
• Common Raven (Corvus corax)
• Crows And Ravens (Corvus)
• American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
• Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura)
• Turkey And Yellow-headed Vultures (Cathartes)
• Black-headed Grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus)
• California Scrub-jay (Aphelocoma californica)
• Typical Foxes (Vulpes)
• Birds (Aves)
• Snakes (Serpentes)
• Falcons And Caracaras (Falconiformes)
• Flies (Diptera)
• Old World Rats (Rattus)
• Ghost Crabs (Ocypode)
• Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
• North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis)
• Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)
• California Gull (Larus californicus)
• Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
• Mountain Lion (Puma concolor)
• Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys volans)
• Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)
• Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger)
• Human (Homo sapiens)
• Earless Seals (Phocidae)
• Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus)
• California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)
• Owls (Strigiformes)
• Oceanic Whitetip Shark (Carcharhinus longimanus)
• Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)
• Slender Tuna (Allothunnus fallai)
• Garfish (Belone belone)
• Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares)
• Coyote (Canis latrans)
• Bobcat (Lynx rufus)
• Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)
• Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
• Common Raccoon (Procyon lotor)
• Crocodiles (Crocodylidae)
• Atlantic Dogwhelk (Nucella lapillus)
• Southern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris nereis)
• Common European Greenbottle Fly (Lucilia sericata)
• Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens)
• Barn-owls (Tytonidae)
• Black Blow Fly (Phormia regina)
• Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta)
• Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)
• Northern Shrike (Lanius borealis)
• Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis)
• Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus)
• Long-eared Owl (Asio otus)
• Northern Pygmy-owl (Glaucidium gnoma)
• Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus)
• Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus)
• Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa)
• Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus)
• Common Black Hawk (Buteogallus anthracinus)
• Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
• Swainson's Hawk (Buteo swainsoni)
• Whiskered Screech-owl (Megascops trichopsis)
• Northern Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula)
• Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis)
• Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia)
• Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatus)
• Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus)
• Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis)
• Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus)
• Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus)
• Eastern Screech-owl (Megascops asio)
• Zone-tailed Hawk (Buteo albonotatus)
• Gray Hawk (Buteo plagiatus)
• Harris's Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus)
• Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus)
• White-tailed Hawk (Geranoaetus albicaudatus)
• (Aquila chrysaetos)
• Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor)
• Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralis)
• Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus)
• Herring Gull (Larus argentatus)
• Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis)
• Ferruginous Pygmy-owl (Glaucidium brasilianum)
• Sagebrush Sparrow (Artemisiospiza nevadensis)
• (Corvus caurinus)
• Black-billed Magpie (Pica hudsonia)
• Yellow-billed Magpie (Pica nuttalli)
• Chuck-will's-widow (Antrostomus carolinensis)

Preyed upon by

• California King Snake (Lampropeltis californiae)
• Gopher Snake (Pituophis catenifer)
• Birds (Aves)
• Earless Seals (Phocidae)
• Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)
• Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
• Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)
• Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura)
• Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
• American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)
• Barred Owl (Strix varia)
• Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
• Northern Harrier (Circus hudsonius)
• Accipiters (Accipiter)
• American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
• Common Raven (Corvus corax)
• Royal Ground Snake (Erythrolamprus reginae)
• Chicken Snake (Spilotes pullatus)
• Northern Black Racer (Coluber constrictor constrictor)
• Green Vine Snake (Oxybelis fulgidus)
• Western Ratsnake (Pantherophis obsoletus)
• Glossy Snake (Arizona elegans)
• Faded Black-striped Snake (Coniophanes schmidti)
• Amazon Puffing Snake (Spilotes sulphureus)
• Lichtenstein's Green Racer (Philodryas olfersii)
• Puffing Snake (Phrynonax poecilonotus)
• (Coluber flagellum)
• Patagonian Racer (Philodryas patagoniensis)
• Corn Snake (Pantherophis guttatus)
• (Mastigodryas bifossatus)
• Paraguay Green Racer (Philodryas nattereri)
• Cutlass (Phrynonax polylepis)
• Forest Flame Snake (Oxyrhopus petolarius)
• Jiboinha (Tropidodryas striaticeps)
• Bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer sayi)
• Twin-spotted Rattlesnake (Crotalus pricei)
• (Corallus hortulanus)
• Grass Snake (Natrix natrix)
• Red Diamond Rattlesnake (Crotalus ruber)
• Black-headed Python (Aspidites melanocephalus)
• Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis)
• Baron's Green Racer (Philodryas baroni)
• (Elachistodon westermanni)
• (Ahaetulla nasuta)
• Egg-eating Snake (Dasypeltis scabra)
• Gold-ringed Cat Snake (Boiga dendrophila)
• Dog-toothed Cat Snake (Boiga cynodon)
• Gaboon Viper (Bitis gabonica)
• Darwin Carpet Python (Morelia spilota variegata)
• Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus)
• Children's Python (Antaresia childreni)
• Sri Lanka Cat Snake (Boiga ceylonensis)
• Serra Snake (Tropidodryas serra)
• Black-headed Cat Snake (Boiga nigriceps)
• African Bush Viper (Atheris squamigera)
• Ladder Snake (Zamenis scalaris)
• Water Python (Liasis fuscus)
• Green Cat Snake (Boiga cyanea)
• Amazonian Boa Constrictor (Boa constrictor constrictor)
• (Gonionotophis capensis)
• Tawny Cat Snake (Boiga ochracea)
• (Boa constrictor amarali)
• Cerrado Lancehead (Bothrops pauloensis)
• Japanese Four-lined Ratsnake (Elaphe quadrivirgata)
• Western Barred Spitting Cobra (Naja nigricincta)
• Brazilian Bird Snake (Rhachidelus brazili)
• Duméril's False Coral Snake (Oxyrhopus clathratus)
• Ecuadorian Annulated Tree Boa (Corallus blombergi)
• Ball Python (Python regius)
• Brazilian Lancehead (Bothrops moojeni)
• Cuban Dwarf Boa (Tropidophis melanurus)
• Horned Adder (Bitis caudalis)
• Common Cat Snake (Boiga trigonata)
• Boomslang (Dispholidus typus)
• Rough-scaled Snake (Tropidechis carinatus)
• São Paulo Lancehead (Bothrops itapetiningae)
• (Bothrops pubescens)
• Olive Python (Liasis olivaceus)
• Kelung Cat Snake (Boiga kraepelini)
• Terciopelo (Bothrops asper)
• Cook's Tree Boa (Corallus cookii)
• Blandings Tree Snake (Toxicodryas blandingii)
• Banded Rock Rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus klauberi)
• Mozambique Spitting Cobra (Naja mossambica)
• Eyed Cat Snake (Boiga siamensis)
• Plains Hognose Snake (Heterodon nasicus)
• Adder (Vipera berus)
• White-spotted Cat Snake (Boiga drapiezii)
• Many-spotted Cat Snake (Boiga multomaculata)
• Sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes)
• Whitetail Lancehead (Bothrops leucurus)
• (Leptophis ahaetulla marginatus)
• Fischer's Cat Snake (Toxicodryas pulverulenta)
• Green Anaconda (Eunectes murinus)
• Lataste's Viper (Vipera latastei)
• Neotropical Lanceheads (Bothrops)
• Godman's Montane Pit Viper (Cerrophidion godmani)
• (Pseustes poecilonotus)
• Hissing Sand Snake (Psammophis sibilans)
• Bardick (Echiopsis curta)