Eaten by

• (Xylotrechus)
• Cecropia Moth (Hyalophora cecropia)
• Eastern Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio glaucus)
• Mourning Cloak (Nymphalis antiopa)
• Lorquin's Admiral (Limenitis lorquini)
• Viceroy (Limenitis archippus)
• Silver-bordered Fritillary (Boloria selene)
• Penitent Underwing (Catocala piatrix)
• Dagger Moths (Acronicta)
• (Dasychira)
• Striped Garden Caterpillar Moth (Trichordestra legitima)
• Eastern Tent Caterpillar Moth (Malacosoma americana)
• Common Eupithecia Moth (Eupithecia miserulata)
• (Prochoerodes forficaria)
• (Macaria)
• Common Eastern Bumble Bee (Bombus impatiens)
• Tortoiseshells (Nymphalis)
• Pale Swallowtail (Papilio eurymedon)
• Red-spotted Admiral (Limenitis arthemis)
• Western Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio rutulus)
• Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta)
• Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus)
• (Anthaxia)
• Deer (Cervidae)
• Typical Leafhoppers (Cicadellidae)
• Scale Insects (Coccoidea)
• Golden Pholiota (Pholiota aurivella)
• Green Immigrant Leaf Weevil (Polydrusus formosus)
• Artist's Bracket (Ganoderma applanatum)
• Scaly Shield (Pluteus petasatus)
• (Trametes pubescens)
• Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica)
• Willow Bead Gall Mite (Aculus tetanothrix)
• Yellow-banded Bumble Bee (Bombus terricola)
• Two-spotted Bumble Bee (Bombus bimaculatus)
• Narrow-headed Marsh Fly (Helophilus fasciatus)
• Globetails (Sphaerophoria)
• Cross Potter Wasp (Eumenes crucifera)
• Western Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
• Tripartite Sweat Bee (Halictus tripartitus)
• Northern Amber Bumble Bee (Bombus borealis)
• Bumble Bees (Bombus)
• Yellow-rumped Warbler (Setophaga coronata)
• Cabbage White (Pieris rapae)
• Red-spotted Purple (Limenitis arthemis astyanax)
• Bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus)
• Echo Azure (Celastrina echo)
• (Scutellinia setosa)
• West Coast Lady (Vanessa annabella)
• (Melampsora)
• Seven-spotted Lady Beetle (Coccinella septempunctata)
• Chicken Of The Woods (Laetiporus sulphureus)
• Splitgill Mushroom (Schizophyllum commune)
• White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)
• Willow Apple Gall Sawfly (Pontania californica)
• Propertius Duskywing (Erynnis propertius)
• Lotus Hairstreak (Callophrys dumetorum)
• Monarch (Danaus plexippus)
• Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui)
• (Phylloxerina)
• (Aonidiella orientalis)
• (Pontania proxima)
• (Amauronematus tunicatus)
• (Amauronematus viduatus)
• (Craesus septentrionalis)
• (Amauronematus lateralis)
• (Pachynematus fallax)
• (Arge enodis)
• (Nematus (Nematus) caeruleocarpus)
• (Phyllocolpa leucosticta)
• (Empria immersa)
• (Pristiphora (Pristiphora) aphantoneura)
• (Tenthredo ferruginea)
• (Amauronematus sagmarius)
• Variable Tenthredo (Tenthredo livida)
• (Arge ustulata)
• (Nematus (Pteronidea) pavidus)
• (Monsoma pulveratum)
• (Nematus (Pteronidea) bergmanni)
• (Rhogogaster chlorosoma)
• (Caliroa annulipes)
• (Nematus (Pteronidea) nigricornis)
• (Amauronematus hedstroemi)
• (Amauronematus leucolenus)
• (Pachynematus vagus)
• (Phyllocolpa leucapsis)
• (Tenthredo colon)
• (Xiphydria prolongata)
• (Euura atra)
• (Nematus (Pteronidea) jugicola)
• (Cimbex luteus)
• (Nematus (Pteronidea) hypoxanthus)
• (Amauronematus fasciatus)
• (Phyllocolpa acutiserra)
• (Nematus (Pteronidea) melanocephalus)
• (Nematus (Pteronidea) miliaris)
• (Euura amerinae)
• (Nematus (Pteronidea) oligospilus)
• (Ametastegia glabrata)
• (Nematus (Pteronidea) frenalis)

Preyed upon by

• Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)
• (Phloeopora corticalis)
• (Nevraphes plicicollis)
• (Ampedus elegantulus)
• (Pediacus depressus)
• (Rhizophagus perforatus)
• (Stenagostus rhombeus)
• (Brachygonus dubius)
• (Phloeopora teres)
• (Bothrideres contractus)
• (Cybocephalus politus)
• (Uleiota planata)
• (Sphaeriestes stockmanni)
• (Corticeus bicolor)
• (Pyrochroa serraticornis)

Pollinated by

• (Podabrus)
• (Aedes)
• (Boloria)
• Blow Flies (Calliphoridae)
• Marsh Flies (Helophilus)
• Western Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
• (http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EFA2D9EE87F05E8EB207EC8EF0C3ACCB)
• (Andrena mariae)
• (Andrena sigmundi)
• (Andrena salictaria)
• (Delia)
• (Oedemeronia lucidicollis )
• (Rhogogaster)
• (Athousius)
• (Tenthredo fukaii )
• (Drosomyia)
• (Themus)
• (Andrena)
• (Bibio)
• (Hoplismenus)
• (Dinoptera minuta)
• (Ichneumon)
• (Mikadocantharis)
• (Syrphus)
• (Anthemus)
• (Spilogona)
• (Coccinella transversoguttata)
• (Lasiomma)
• (Eusphalerum)
• (Manobidia)
• (Amauronematus)
• (Corynoneura scutellata)
• (Gymnometriocnemus)
• (Smittia polymorpha)
• (Eupogonomyia)
• (Limnophyes)
• (Pogonomyoides)
• (Bombus polaris)
• (Smittia extrema)
• (Bradysia)
• (Protophormia terraenovae)
• (Paraphaenocladius despectus)
• (Allopiophila arctica)
• (Rhynchaenus)
• (Smittia polaris)
• (Plebejus glandon)
• (Hyposoter luctus)
• (Cryptus arcticus)