Eaten by

• Pigeon Horntail (Tremex columba)
• Eastern Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio glaucus)
• Eastern Comma (Polygonia comma)
• Mourning Cloak (Nymphalis antiopa)
• White-marked Tussock Moth (Orgyia leucostigma)
• Pale Beauty (Campaea perlata)
• Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius)
• House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
• Feral Pigeon (Columba livia domestica)
• Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger)
• Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
• Red-spotted Admiral (Limenitis arthemis)
• Tortoiseshells (Nymphalis)
• Western Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio rutulus)
• Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui)
• Artist's Bracket (Ganoderma applanatum)
• Hen Of The Woods (Grifola frondosa)
• Golden Pholiota (Pholiota aurivella)
• Cecropia Moth (Hyalophora cecropia)
• (Anthaxia)
• Wood Duck (Aix sponsa)
• (Tetraneura nigriabdominalis)
• (Ribautiana ulmi)
• Pear Root Aphid (Eriosoma pyricola)
• (Cladius rufipes)
• (Nematus (Pteronidea) umbratus)
• (Nematus (Pteronidea) melanocephalus)
• (Fenusa pusilla)
• (Xiphydria prolongata)
• (Cladius ulmi)
• (Aproceros leucopoda)
• (Corticarina lambiana)
• (Curtimorda bisignata)
• (Ennearthron palmi)
• (Triplax aenea)
• (Choristoneura rosaceana)
• Dark Fruit-tree Tortrix (Pandemis heparana)
• Autumnal Shade (Exapate congelatella)
• Northern Ermel (Atemelia torquatella)
• (Ptycholoma lecheana)
• (Episimus argutana)
• (Orthotaenia undulana)
• Poplar Hawkmoth (Laothoe populi)
• (Ancylis fuscociliana)
• (Hyalophora columbia)
• (Phtheochroa micana)
• (Smerinthus jamaicensis)
• (Saturnia pavonia)
• White-lined Sphinx (Hyles lineata)
• Sallow Apotomis Moth (Apotomis capreana)
• Io Moth (Automeris io)
• (Hulstia undulatella)
• (Actias luna)
• (Automeris zugana)
• (Oreana unicolorella)
• (Synanthedon)
• (Pempelia formosa)
• (Pococera asperatella)
• (Oiketicus)
• (Nymphalis polychloros)
• (Machimia tentoriferella)
• (Nymphalis xanthomelas)
• (Callima argenticinctella)
• Milbert's Tortoiseshell (Aglais milberti)
• (Lochmaeus bilineata)
• (Heterocampa guttivitta)
• (Agrochola circellaris)
• (Agrochola bicolorago)
• (Cosmia pyralina)
• (Conistra rubiginosa)
• (Cosmia diffinis)
• (Atethmia centrago)
• (Lithophane petulca)
• (Hupodonta lignea)
• (Lithophane bethunei)
• (Crocigrapha normani)
• (Himella fidelis)
• Cinnamon Tussock Moth (Dasychira cinnamomea)
• (Acronicta americana)
• Ld Moth (Lymantria dispar)
• (Leucoma ochripes)
• (Leucoma)
• (Ectoedemia amani)
• (Acronicta interrupta)
• (Orgyia anartoides)
• (Dasychira dorsipennata)
• (Phyllodesma americana)
• (Euproctis chrysorrhoea)
• (Malacosoma neustria)
• (Prolimacodes badia)
• Red Elm Pigmy (Stigmella lemniscella)
• (Acronicta psi)
• (Poecilocampa populi)
• Smeared Dagger (Acronicta oblinita)
• (Parasa chloris)
• (Phyllonorycter ulmi)
• (Phyllonorycter argentinotella)
• (Phyllonorycter agilella)
• (Alsophila pometaria)
• (Operophtera brumata)

Preyed upon by

• (Corticeus fraxini)
• (Uleiota planata)
• (Corticeus bicolor)
• (Rabocerus gabrieli)
• (Pediacus depressus)
• (Rhizophagus perforatus)
• (Stenagostus rhombeus)

Pollinated by

• Mesquites (Prosopis)
• Common Flesh Flies (Sarcophaga)
• (Scolia nobilitata)
• (Scymnus consobrinus)
• (Mesogramma)
• (Anthedon compta)
• (Hippelates plebejus)
• (Empis pudica)
• (Porizon)
• (Ichneumon longulus)
• (Trachandrena)
• (Megaselia fungicola)
• (Spilomyia longicornis)
• (Oxybelus emarginatus)
• (Spallanzania hesperidarum)
• (Pseudopanurgus compositarum)
• (Machaeris)
• (Reichertella pulicaria)
• (Gnathias)
• (Hoplisus atricornis)
• (Conura torvina)
• (Leptura)
• (Triepeolus cressonii)
• (Andrena carlini)