Eats

• Gastropods (Gastropoda)
• (Pagurus)
• Caridean Shrimps (Caridea)
• Amphipods (Amphipoda)
• Mantis Shrimps (Stomatopoda)
• Sponges (Porifera)
• Sea Anemones (Actiniaria)
• Isopods (Isopoda)
• Polychaete Worms (Polychaeta)
• Spiny Lobsters (Palinuridae)
• True Crabs (Brachyura)
• Barnacles (Cirripedia)
• Bivalves (Bivalvia)
• Barnacles And Allies (Thecostraca)
• Bacteria (Bacteria)
• Poplars, Cottonwoods, And Aspens (Populus)
• Cephalopods (Cephalopoda)
• Priapulid Worms (Priapulida)
• Decapods (Decapoda)
• Bryozoans (Bryozoa)
• Cnidarians (Cnidaria)
• Feather Duster Worms (Sabellidae)
• Dogwoods (Cornus)
• Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
• Creeping Buttercup (Ranunculus repens)
• (Urochordata)
• (no name)
• (Detritus)
• Neoloricate Chitons (Neoloricata)
• (Gorgonacea)
• Torch Corals (Euphyllia)
• Hemichordates (Hemichordata)
• Tanaids (Tanaidacea)
• Fire Corals (Millepora)
• Tusk Shells (Scaphopoda)
• (Benthic autotrophs)
• (Scyllarides)
• (Microfauna)
• (Meiofauna)
• (Micro-epiphytes)
• (Prymnesiophyceae)
• (Zooplankton)
• (Wigeongrass)
• (Phytoplankton)
• (Infauna)
• (Algae)
• (periphyton)
• (leaves)
• (Ostreoida)
• (Hesionidae)
• (Lembos)
• (Spionidae)
• Shoalgrass (Halodule wrightii)
• (Acetocina candei)
• (Macroalgae)
• (Periphyton)
• (Leaves)
• (detritus and benthic algae)
• Screwpines (Pandanus)
• (Cyrtosperma)
• (land vegetation)
• Crown-tipped Coral Fungus (Artomyces pyxidatus)
• Wood Speedwell (Veronica montana)
• (Magnoliophyta)
• (Anemone nemorosa)
• (Ficaria verna verna)
• (Microfungi)
• (Osmunda regalis)

Preys on

• Gastropods (Gastropoda)
• Amphipods (Amphipoda)
• Bivalves (Bivalvia)
• Polychaete Worms (Polychaeta)
• True Oysters (Ostreidae)
• Bacteria (Bacteria)
• Plants (Plantae)
• Sea Anemones (Actiniaria)
• Sponges (Porifera)
• Mantis Shrimps (Stomatopoda)
• Hydrozoans (Hydrozoa)
• Isopods (Isopoda)
• True Crabs (Brachyura)
• (Pagurus)
• Spiny Lobsters (Palinuridae)
• Caridean Shrimps (Caridea)
• Barnacles And Allies (Thecostraca)
• Priapulid Worms (Priapulida)
• Earthworms And Allies (Oligochaeta)
• Arachnids (Arachnida)
• Nematodes (Nematoda)
• Springtails (Collembola)
• Clitellates (Clitellata)
• (Zooplankton)
• (Meiofauna)
• (Microfauna)
• (epipellic flora)
• (Scyllarides)
• (Stony corals)
• Neoloricate Chitons (Neoloricata)
• (Urochordata)
• Tusk Shells (Scaphopoda)
• (Sea)
• Hemichordates (Hemichordata)
• Tanaids (Tanaidacea)
• Ribbon Worms (Nemertea)
• Hemlock Varnish Shelf (Ganoderma tsugae)
• Bronze Ground Beetle (Carabus nemoralis)
• (Nassa alectrion)

Pollinates

• Canadian Wild Ginger (Asarum canadense)
• (Astilbe)

Eaten by

• Small-spotted Catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula)
• Garfish (Belone belone)
• Five-bearded Rockling (Ciliata mustela)
• Caridean Shrimps (Caridea)
• Spiny Lobsters (Palinuridae)
• Polychaete Worms (Polychaeta)
• Bandtail Puffer (Sphoeroides spengleri)
• True Crabs (Brachyura)
• Mantis Shrimps (Stomatopoda)
• Gastropods (Gastropoda)
• Sea Stars (Asteroidea)
• Typical Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae)
• Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)
• (Pterois)
• Waterfowl (Anseriformes)
• Decapods (Decapoda)
• Swimming Crabs (Portunidae)
• (Gobius)
• Skates (Rajiformes)
• Jacks (Carangidae)
• Mullets (Mugilidae)
• Typical Foxes (Vulpes)
• Giant Sea Stars (Pisaster)
• Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum)
• Ray-finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)
• Frogs And Toads (Anura)
• Priapulid Worms (Priapulida)
• Cephalopods (Cephalopoda)
• (Octopus)
• Protozoans (Protozoa)
• Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens)
• (Cancer)
• Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, And Heart Urchins (Echinoidea)
• Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus)
• Goldeneyes And Bufflehead (Bucephala)
• Atlantic Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus)
• Spiny Spider Crab (Maja brachydactyla)
• Henslow's Swimming Crab (Polybius henslowii)
• Opalescent Inshore Squid (Doryteuthis opalescens)
• Octopuses (Octopoda)
• Indo-pacific Comb Star (Astropecten polyacanthus)
• Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis)
• California Spiny Lobster (Panulirus interruptus)
• Moon Jelly (Aurelia aurita)
• Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus)
• European Common Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis)
• Southern Rock Lobster (Jasus edwardsii)
• Typical Cormorants And Shags (Phalacrocorax)
• (Salpa thompsoni)
• (Sphoeroides)
• Shanny (Lipophrys pholis)
• Woolly Sculpin (Clinocottus analis)
• Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)
• Jack Mackerels (Trachurus)
• (Hyporhamphus)
• Common Snappers (Lutjanus)
• Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
• Banded Killifish (Fundulus diaphanus)
• Mediterranean Rainbow Wrasse (Coris julis)
• Silver Trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex)
• European Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
• Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides)
• Grey Triggerfish (Balistes capriscus)
• Cannonball Jelly (Stomolophus meleagris)
• Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus)
• Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
• Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla)
• Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas)
• American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla)
• Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia)
• Veery (Catharus fuscescens)
• Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis)
• Horned Grebe (Podiceps auritus)
• Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps)
• Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)
• Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis)
• Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
• White-faced Ibis (Plegadis chihi)
• Blue-winged Teal (Spatula discors)
• Gadwall (Mareca strepera)
• Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)
• Sandhill Crane (Antigone canadensis)
• Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)
• Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum)
• Cinnamon Teal (Spatula cyanoptera)
• Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
• American Coot (Fulica americana)
• Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)
• Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)
• Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris)
• Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola)
• Mallards, Pintails, And Allies (Anas)
• Scaups, Pochards, And Allies (Aythya)
• Neotropic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus)
• Vireos (Vireo)
• Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus)
• Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)
• American Robin (Turdus migratorius)
• Winter Wren (Troglodytes hiemalis)
• European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
• Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura)
• Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius)
• Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum)
• Great-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus)
• Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)
• Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)
• Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica)
• Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata)
• American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
• Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)
• Brewer's Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus)
• Bullock's Oriole (Icterus bullockii)
• Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus)
• Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator)
• Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)
• Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias)

Preyed upon by

• Red-bellied Snake (Storeria occipitomaculata)
• Northern Redbelly Snake (Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata)
• Sea Stars (Asteroidea)
• (Gobius)
• Jacks (Carangidae)
• Swimming Crabs (Portunidae)
• Gastropods (Gastropoda)
• Mullets (Mugilidae)
• Polychaete Worms (Polychaeta)
• Decapods (Decapoda)
• Waterfowl (Anseriformes)
• Skates (Rajiformes)
• Giant Sea Stars (Pisaster)
• (Callinectes)
• Striped Shore Crab (Pachygrapsus crassipes)
• American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana)
• Black Turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala)
• Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola)
• Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca)
• Least Sandpiper (Calidris minutilla)
• Western Sandpiper (Calidris mauri)
• True Crabs (Brachyura)
• Bandtail Puffer (Sphoeroides spengleri)
• Mantis Shrimps (Stomatopoda)
• Caridean Shrimps (Caridea)
• Spiny Lobsters (Palinuridae)
• Typical Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae)
• Shanny (Lipophrys pholis)
• Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens)
• European Harvestman (Phalangium opilio)
• Harvestmen (Opiliones)
• (Zeus faber)
• Rainbow Star (Orthasterias koehleri)
• Black-and-yellow Rockfish (Sebastes chrysomelas)
• Gopher Rockfish (Sebastes carnatus)
• Dekay's Brownsnake (Storeria dekayi)
• (Ninia diademata labiosa)
• Parker's Ground Snake (Atractus carrioni)
• Rough Greensnake (Opheodrys aestivus)
• Snail-eaters (Dipsas)
• Catesby's Snail-eater (Dipsas catesbyi)
• Eastern Indigo Snake (Drymarchon couperi)
• Wandering Garter Snake (Thamnophis elegans vagrans)
• Red Coffee Snake (Ninia sebae)
• Terrestrial Snail Sucker (Tropidodipsas sartorii)
• (Dipsas variegata trinitatus)
• (Sibynomorphus turgidus)
• Northern Snail-eater (Dipsas pavonina)
• (Sibynomorphus neuwiedi)
• Ningshaan Kukri Snake (Stichophanes ningshaanensis)
• Kirtland's Snake (Clonophis kirtlandii)
• Sharp-tailed Snake (Contia tenuis)
• Marsh Snake (Natriciteres fuliginoides)
• Variable Marsh Snake (Natriciteres variegata)
• (Storeria dekayi wrightorum)
• Shire Slug-eater (Duberria shirana)
• Pampas Snake (Tomodon dorsatus)
• Ringed Snail Sucker (Sibon annulatus)
• (Sibynomorphus mikanii)
• (Ninia diademata plorator)
• Northern Rubber Boa (Charina bottae)
• (Storeria dekayi dekayi)
• (Dipsas indica ecuadoriensis)
• Tessellated Water Snake (Natrix tessellata)
• North-east Indian Kukri Snake (Oligodon cyclurus)
• Common Slug Snake (Pareas monticola)
• Pareas Margaritophorus / Macularius Complex (Pareas margaritophorus)
• Stanley's Slug Snake (Pareas stanleyi)
• Lataste's Viper (Vipera latastei)
• Mexican Gartersnake (Thamnophis eques)
• Groove-necked Keel-back (Rhabdophis nuchalis)
• Chevron Necked Snake (Micropisthodon ochraceus)
• Argus Snail Sucker (Sibon argus)
• Uluguru Centipede-eater (Aparallactus guentheri)
• Jerdon's Kukri Snake (Oligodon venustus)
• (Rhabdops bicolor)
• Spotted Slug-eater (Duberria variegata)
• (nearshore fishes)
• (prehistoric Aleut man)
• Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens)
• (Pungitius pungitius pungitius)
• (Batrachoididae)
• (Fat Sleepers)
• Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua)
• Leeches (Hirudinea)
• (Gomphus)
• (Benthos eating birds)
• (Omnivorous crabs)
• (Leptasterias)
• (Placidochromis johnstoni)
• (Gobioids)
• (Elopids)
• (Scianids)
• (Belonoids)
• (Lutjanids)
• (Pleuronectoids)
• Milkfish (Chanos chanos)
• (Haemulids)
• (Ariids)
• (Centropomids)