Eats

• Queen Palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana)
• European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
• House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
• Tree Squirrels (Sciurus)
• Leafy Mistletoes (Phoradendron)
• Greenbriers (Smilax)
• Brazilian Pepper (Schinus terebinthifolia)
• Hollies (Ilex)
• Fuchsias (Fuchsia)
• American Black Nightshade (Solanum americanum)
• Nightshades (Solanum)
• Figs (Ficus)
• (Triadica sebifera)
• (Syagrus ruschiana)
• (Allagoptera caudescens)
• (Phylloscopus borealis)
• (Luscinia megarhynchos)
• (Rhodopechys sanguineus)
• (Picus viridis)
• Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos)
• (Eliomys quercinus)
• Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris)
• (Prunella collaris)
• Rosy Starling (Pastor roseus)
• (Carduelis citrinella)
• Great Rosefinch (Carpodacus rubicilla)
• (Hippolais polyglotta)
• (Rhodospiza obsoleta)
• (Linaria flavirostris)
• (Iduna pallida)
• (Iduna caligata)
• (Bucanetes mongolicus)
• (Prunella montanella)
• Alpine Field Mouse (Apodemus alpicola)
• (Hippolais icterina)
• (Jynx torquilla)
• (Lophophanes cristatus)
• (Carpodacus erythrinus)
• (Hippolais olivetorum)
• (Ficedula hypoleuca)
• (Poecile palustris)
• Mistle Thrush (Turdus viscivorus)
• (Pteromys volans)
• (Regulus ignicapilla)
• (Acanthis flammea)
• Common Hoopoe (Upupa epops)
• (Muscardinus avellanarius)
• European Greenfinch (Chloris chloris)
• (Passer moabiticus)
• (Turdus iliacus)
• (Troglodytes troglodytes)
• (Fringilla montifringilla)
• Willow Tit (Poecile montanus)
• (Phylloscopus trochilus)
• (Dryocopus martius)
• (Turdus ruficollis)
• (Bombycilla garrulus)
• (Periparus ater)
• (Irania gutturalis)
• (Glis glis)
• Eurasian Siskin (Spinus spinus)
• (Dendrocopos minor)
• (Poecile lugubris)
• (Apodemus hyrcanicus)
• (Phylloscopus collybita)
• (Passer hispaniolensis)
• (Prunella atrogularis)
• (Apodemus flavicollis)
• (Petronia petronia)
• (Montifringilla nivalis)
• Setzer's Mouse-tailed Dormouse (Myomimus setzeri)
• (Fringilla teydea)
• (Loxia curvirostra)
• (Luscinia svecica)
• Eurasian Bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula)
• Eurasian Blackbird (Turdus merula)
• (Dendrocopos medius)
• (Myomimus roachi)
• (Loxia pytyopsittacus)
• (Cyanistes caeruleus)
• (Parus major)
• Herb Field Mouse (Apodemus uralensis)
• (Gymnoris xanthocollis)
• (Prunella ocularis)
• Ring Ouzel (Turdus torquatus)
• (Ficedula albicollis)
• (Oriolus oriolus)
• (Picoides)
• (Passer montanus)
• (Pinicola enucleator)
• Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa striata)
• (Serinus pusillus)
• (Ficedula semitorquata)
• (Coccothraustes coccothraustes)
• (Apodemus sylvaticus)
• (Luscinia luscinia)
• European Robin (Erithacus rubecula)
• (Apodemus agrarius)
• (Loxia scotica)
• (Phoenicurus phoenicurus)

Eaten by

• Coyote (Canis latrans)
• Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)
• Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura)
• Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
• Common Raven (Corvus corax)
• Tree Squirrels (Sciurus)
• Gray Wolf (Canis lupus)
• Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)
• Northern Tigrina (Leopardus tigrinus)
• American Marten (Martes americana)
• (Martes pennanti)
• Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
• Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus)
• Eurasian Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)
• Bonelli's Eagle (Aquila fasciata)
• Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)
• Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)
• Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug)
• (Aquila chrysaetos)
• Eurasian Eagle-owl (Bubo bubo)
• (Garrulus glandarius)
• Carrion Crow (Corvus corone)
• Golden Jackal (Canis aureus)
• (Coloeus monedula)
• Rook (Corvus frugilegus)
• Jungle Cat (Felis chaus)
• Ichneumon (Herpestes ichneumon)
• European Wildcat (Felis silvestris)
• Stone Marten (Martes foina)
• Eurasian Pine Marten (Martes martes)
• Sable (Martes zibellina)
• Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx)
• (Pteromys volans)
• (Sciurus vulgaris)
• (Tamias sibiricus)
• (Platyceps collaris)
• Caucasian Ratsnake (Zamenis hohenackeri)
• Southern Smooth Snake (Coronella girondica)
• Steppe Ratsnake (Elaphe dione)
• Aesculapian Snake (Zamenis longissimus)
• Smooth Snake (Coronella austriaca)
• Italian Aesculapian Snake (Zamenis lineatus)
• Horseshoe Whip Snake (Hemorrhois hippocrepis)
• Ladder Snake (Zamenis scalaris)
• (Elaphe situla)
• Balkan Whip Snake (Hierophis gemonensis)
• East African Sand Boa (Eryx colubrinus)
• Four-lined Snake (Elaphe quatuorlineata)
• Green Whip Snake (Hierophis viridiflavus)
• (Gloydius intermedius)
• (Lacerta trilineata)
• (Timon lepidus)
• Western Montpellier Snake (Malpolon monspessulanus)
• (Macrovipera schweizeri)
• Western Green Lizard (Lacerta bilineata)
• (Macroprotodon brevis)
• (Macroprotodon cucullatus)
• (Macrovipera lebetina)
• Green Lizard (Lacerta viridis)
• (Montivipera raddei)
• (Montivipera xanthina)
• (Montivipera wagneri)
• (Telescopus fallax)
• Desert Monitor (Varanus griseus)
• (Platyceps najadum)
• (Pseudopus apodus)
• Nose-horned Viper (Vipera ammodytes)
• (Montivipera albizona)
• Asp Viper (Vipera aspis)
• Adder (Vipera berus)
• Algerian Whip Snake (Hemorrhois algirus)
• Mount Bulgar Viper (Montivipera bulgardaghica)
• (Dolichophis caspius)
• Meadow Viper (Vipera ursinii)
• (Vipera seoanei)
• (Vipera darevskii)
• (Vipera dinniki)
• Lataste's Viper (Vipera latastei)
• (Vipera kaznakovi)
• (Hierophis viridiflavus carbonarius)
• (Dolichophis schmidti)
• (Vipera renardi)
• (Hemorrhois nummifer)
• East-four-lined Ratsnake (Elaphe sauromates)
• Large Whip Snake (Dolichophis jugularis)
• (Zamenis persicus)
• Black Headed Snake (Telescopus nigriceps)
• (Platyceps ventromaculatus)
• (Macroprotodon mauritanicus)
• (Spalerosophis diadema)
• (Vipera eriwanensis)
• (Hemorrhois ravergieri)
• (Pseudocerastes persicus)
• Swainson's Hawk (Buteo swainsoni)
• Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus)

Preyed upon by

• Barred Owl (Strix varia)
• Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)
• Bobcat (Lynx rufus)
• Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
• Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus)
• Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx)