Pollinates

• Western Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii)
• Crotons (Croton)
• Olives (Olea)
• Pacific Trillium (Trillium ovatum)
• (Stillingia lineata)
• (Psiadia terebinthina)
• Red Milkwoods (Mimusops)
• Myrtles (Eugenia)
• (Aphloia theiformis)
• (Dactylorhiza fuchsii)

Eaten by

• Mountain Bluebird (Sialia currucoides)
• Western Black Widow (Latrodectus hesperus)
• Olives (Olea)
• Crotons (Croton)
• Horned Grebe (Podiceps auritus)
• Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia)
• American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla)
• Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia)
• Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
• Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus)
• Vireos (Vireo)
• Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)
• Hutton's Vireo (Vireo huttoni)
• Western Wood-pewee (Contopus sordidulus)
• Winter Wren (Troglodytes hiemalis)
• Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius)
• Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla)
• Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina)
• Veery (Catharus fuscescens)
• Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus)
• Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus)
• Brown Creeper (Certhia americana)
• Black-headed Grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus)
• Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)
• Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)
• Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris)
• Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna)
• (Bradysia tilicola)
• (Leiobunum apenninicum)
• Yellow-tailed Black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus)
• (Vireo solitarius)
• (Bradypodion damaranum)
• (Mungos mungo)
• (Aphloia theiformis)
• (Psiadia terebinthina)
• Red Milkwoods (Mimusops)
• (Stillingia lineata lineata)
• Myrtles (Eugenia)
• White-backed Woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos)
• (Caprimulgus vociferus)
• Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis)
• Puerto Rican Vireo (Vireo latimeri)
• Puerto Rican Woodpecker (Melanerpes portoricensis)
• Puerto Rican Flycatcher (Myiarchus antillarum)
• Adelaide's Warbler (Setophaga adelaidae)
• Puerto Rican Tody (Todus mexicanus)
• Yellow-shouldered Blackbird (Agelaius xanthomus)
• Northern Parula (Setophaga americana)
• Puerto Rican Screech-owl (Megascops nudipes)
• Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola)
• (Setophaga caerulescens)
• Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus)
• (Empidonax flaviventris)
• (Empidonax traillii)
• Black-whiskered Vireo (Vireo altiloquus)
• Lesser Prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus)
• Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus)
• Philadelphia Vireo (Vireo philadelphicus)
• (Vireo flavifrons)
• White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus)
• (Picoides dorsalis)
• (Picoides arcticus)
• Red-breasted Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus ruber)
• (Picoides villosus)
• (Picoides pubescens)
• (Setophaga pinus)
• Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus)
• Steller's Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri)
• (Campephilus principalis)
• (Dryobates albolarvatus)
• Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor)
• (Spiza americana)
• Bell's Sparrow (Artemisiospiza belli)

Preyed upon by

• Katydids (Tettigoniidae)
• (Laphria thoracica)
• (Pseudoseisura cristata)
• (Mungos mungo)
• Furrow Orbweaver (Larinioides cornutus)
• (Tibellus maritimus)
• Slender Crab Spiders (Tibellus)
• Fishing Spiders (Dolomedes)
• Common Grasshopper-warbler (Locustella naevia)
• (Clubiona stagnatilis)
• Bordered Orbweaver (Neoscona adianta)
• (Larinioides)
• (Ensifera)
• (Bufo marinus)
• Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)
• (Isoodon macrourus)
• Common Blue-tongued Skink (Tiliqua scincoides)
• Frilled Lizard (Chlamydosaurus kingii)
• (Alectura lathami)
• Western Barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus)
• Kuhl's Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii)
• Great Roundleaf Bat (Hipposideros armiger)
• Ryukyu Flying Fox (Pteropus dasymallus)
• (Hypsugo ariel)
• Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus clivosus)
• Hairy Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris hirsuta)
• Velvety Free-tailed Bat (Molossus molossus)
• (Phyllostomus hastatus)
• Pale Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus discolor)
• Cave Myotis (Myotis velifer)
• Evening Bat (Nycticeius humeralis)