Eats

• Knotweeds (Polygonum)
• Docks (Rumex)
• Goosefoots (Chenopodium)
• Clovers (Trifolium)
• Shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
• Grasses (Poaceae)
• Red Deadnettle (Lamium purpureum)
• Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba)
• Indian Banyan (Ficus benghalensis)
• Jasmine (Jasminum)
• Common Ivy (Hedera helix)
• (Persicaria sp.)
• (Sonchus arvensis)
• (Carmona retusa)
• (Scutia)
• Indian Snowberry (Flueggea leucopyrus)
• (Manilkara hexandra)
• (Opuntia stricta)
• (Pavetta)
• (Viscum)
• (Trichosanthes tricuspidata)
• (Psydrax dicoccos)
• Ivy Gourd (Coccinia grandis)
• (Salacia chinensis)
• (Ehretia)
• (Ochna obtusata)
• Neem (Azadirachta indica)
• (Mimusops elengi)
• (Cudrania spinosa)
• (Ixora pavetta)
• (Heynea trifolia)
• (Solanum trilobatum)
• (Capparis rotundifolia)
• (Ficus microcarpa)
• (Diospyros vera)
• Orangeberry (Glycosmis pentaphylla)
• (Cordia)
• (Phoenix pusilla)
• (Carissa spinarum)
• (Ziziphus oenopolia)
• (Pavetta breviflora)
• (Premna serratifolia)
• (Ficus religiosa)
• (Pleurostylia opposita)
• (Viscum cruciatum)
• (Cissus quadrangularis)
• (Cissus vitiginea)
• (Allophylus serratus)
• (Syzygium cumini)
• (Flacourtia indica)
• (Ficus virens)
• (Lannea coromandelica)
• (Capparis zeylanica)
• (Hugonia serrata)
• (Peponidium horridum)
• Orange Climber (Toddalia asiatica)
• (Crateva adansonii)
• (Benkara malabarica)
• (Memecylon umbellatum)
• Dodder Laurels (Cassytha)
• (Breynia vitis-idaea)
• (Asparagus racemosus)
• Toothbrush Tree (Salvadora persica)
• (Trichosanthes cucumerina)
• (Phyllanthus reticulatus)
• (Cansjera rheedii)
• (Jasminum auriculatum)
• (Pachygone ovata)
• (Olax scandens)
• (Lepisanthes tetraphylla)
• (Tinospora sinensis)
• (Dendrophthoe falcata)
• European Black Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)
• (Bryonia cretica)
• Etruscan Honeysuckle (Lonicera etrusca)
• Small-leaf Bramble (Rubus parvifolius)
• Common Dogwood (Cornus sanguinea)
• (Ilex aquifolium)
• (Solanum dulcamara)
• Common Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)
• (Daphne laureola)
• European Blackberry (Rubus vestitus)
• Red Currant (Ribes rubrum)
• European Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia)
• (Viscum album)
• (Prunus padus)
• (Viburnum lantana)
• (Lonicera caprifolium)
• (Arum maculatum)
• Common Yew (Taxus baccata)
• Wild Cherry (Prunus avium)
• (Prunus domestica)
• (Sambucus ebulus)
• Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera xylosteum)
• (Azima tetracantha)
• (Drypetes sepiaria)

Eaten by

• Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus)
• Common Raven (Corvus corax)
• Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
• Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)
• Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus)
• Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
• Red Kite (Milvus milvus)
• Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)
• (Aquila pomarina)
• Black Kite (Milvus migrans)
• Bonelli's Eagle (Aquila fasciata)
• Lanner Falcon (Falco biarmicus)
• Herring Gull (Larus argentatus)
• Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug)
• Tawny Owl (Strix aluco)
• Ural Owl (Strix uralensis)
• Caspian Gull (Larus cachinnans)
• Eurasian Eagle-owl (Bubo bubo)
• Yellow-legged Gull (Larus michahellis)
• (Garrulus glandarius)
• Carrion Crow (Corvus corone)
• (Coloeus monedula)
• Golden Jackal (Canis aureus)
• Jungle Cat (Felis chaus)
• Gray Wolf (Canis lupus)
• Northern Small-spotted Genet (Genetta genetta)
• European Wildcat (Felis silvestris)
• Ichneumon (Herpestes ichneumon)
• Black Headed Snake (Telescopus nigriceps)
• East-four-lined Ratsnake (Elaphe sauromates)
• (Hierophis viridiflavus carbonarius)
• Desert Monitor (Varanus griseus)
• Steppe Ratsnake (Elaphe dione)
• (Elaphe situla)
• Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac)
• Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena)
• Stone Marten (Martes foina)
• Eurasian Pine Marten (Martes martes)
• Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx)
• Sable (Martes zibellina)
• Central American Boa (Boa imperator)
• Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus)

Preyed upon by

• Cooper's Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)
• Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus)
• Central American Boa (Boa imperator)
• Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus)
• Long-eared Owl (Asio otus)
• Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)