Eaten by

• North American Deer Mice (Peromyscus)
• Aphids (Aphididae)
• White-tailed And Mule Deer (Odocoileus)
• Typical Leafhoppers (Cicadellidae)
• Fungi Including Lichens (Fungi)
• Sawyer Beetles (Monochamus)
• Earthworms (Lumbricidae)
• Flatcoils (Polygyra)
• (Chrysobothris)
• Indian-meal Moth (Plodia interpunctella)
• White-marked Tussock Moth (Orgyia leucostigma)
• Pale Beauty (Campaea perlata)
• Gray Hairstreak (Strymon melinus)
• Hoof Fungus (Fomes fomentarius)
• Turkey-tail (Trametes versicolor)
• Benzoin Bracket (Ischnoderma benzoinum)
• Artist's Bracket (Ganoderma applanatum)
• Velvet-footed Pax (Tapinella atrotomentosa)
• Chicken Of The Woods (Laetiporus sulphureus)
• (Macaria)
• Deer (Cervidae)
• Western Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
• Asian Lady Beetle (Harmonia axyridis)
• Monarch (Danaus plexippus)
• American Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)
• Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita)
• Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
• Acorn Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus)
• Western Gray Squirrel (Sciurus griseus)
• Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra)
• Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger)
• Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)
• Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris)
• Pine Shoot Moths (Retinia)
• (Dilachnus)
• (Panolis griseovariegata)
• (Oenerostoma piniariella)
• (Gelechia)
• New World Porcupines (Erethizontidae)
• Steller's Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri)
• Old World Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus)
• Abert's Squirrel (Sciurus aberti)
• Reddish-brown Stag Beetle (Lucanus capreolus)
• Eastern Fivespined Ips (Ips grandicollis)
• (Melanotus)
• (Acanthocinus obsoletus)
• Sculptured Pine Borers (Chalcophora)
• (Philomycus)
• Sixspined Ips (Ips calligraphus)
• Horned Passalus Beetle (Odontotaenius disjunctus)
• (Rhagium)
• (Leptura)
• (Elater)
• (Fontaria coriacea)
• (Pithyophthorus annectens)
• (Dendroctonus)
• (Ischiodontus)
• (Pithyophthorus pullus)
• (Drapites)
• (Buprestis)
• (Cambala annulata)
• (Pseudopolydesmus serratus)
• (Centronopus)
• Brown Prionid Beetle (Orthosoma brunneum)
• Arrowhead Borer (Xylotrechus sagittatus)
• (Entomobrya)
• (Eupogonius tomentosus)
• Deodar Weevil (Pissodes nemorensis)
• Blackhorned Pine Borer (Callidium antennatum)
• (Orthotomicus)
• Quick Gloss Snail (Zonitoides arboreus)
• (Xylopinus)
• Pales Weevil (Hylobius pales)
• (Isotoma sensibilis)
• (Asemum striatum)
• Lined Buprestid Beetle (Buprestis lineata)
• Lesser Pine Borer (Acanthocinus nodosus)
• (Uloma)
• (Entomobrya ligata)
• (Orthostethus infuscatus)
• (Pachylobins picivorus)
• Red Turpentine Beetle (Dendroctonus valens)
• (Pseudanaphothrips araucariae)
• Sinister Moth (Pholodes sinistraria)
• Black Pinebark Beetle (Hylastes ater)
• Twig Looper (Ectropis excursaria)
• (Capusa stenophara)
• (Capusa senilis)
• Pine Woolly-aphid (Pineus pini)
• (Pineus)
• (Eulachnus thunbergii)
• (Essigella californica)
• Giant Conifer Aphids (Cinara)
• Grey Pine Ermel (Ocnerostoma friesei)
• (Clepsis senecionana)
• Jack Pine Budworm Moth (Choristoneura pinus)
• Brown Pine Ermel (Cedestis subfasciella)
• (Ditula angustiorana)
• (Tortrix capensana)
• (Pyrgotis plagiatana)

Pollinated by

• Common Bulbul (Pycnonotus barbatus)
• (Bibio)
• (Elaphromyia imcompleta )